| Zoogeographic complexes, groups, and subgroups |
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| Boreal | |||||||||||
| 1. Holarctic |
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| 2. Transpalaearctic |
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| 3. Angaran |
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| 4. Beringian |
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| Palaearctic | |||||||||||
| 5. Manchurian |
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| 6. Ussuri-Island |
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| 7. Island |
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| Kuril-Japanese |
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| Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese |
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| Sakhalin-Kuril |
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| Kurils proper |
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| 8. Widely distributed |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
